Goal of this blog post
The ABAP debugger is a powerful tool helping to examine your ABAP code at runtime.
Besides the common and basic features, such as stepping through your code and inspect the values of your variables, field symbols, and references, it provides helpful features that can simplify and shorten your debugging sessions. Not all of these features might be known to everyone.
In this blog post I am going to demonstrate my personal favourites.
Debugging Techniques
Debugging deep inside the Call Stack
Apart from debugging your own custom source code or the business-oriented code on the application level, it might be necessary from time to time to dive deeper into the call stack. Sometimes you can only spot bugs when debugging the asynchronously executed update tasks or system programs.
System Debugging
System programs are typically provided by SAP itself and you should not classify your own programs as such. System code is considered relatively technical and not containing any business logic. As a consequence, developers focusing on business logic commonly do not need/want to debug this. However, from time to time your debugging session might end up at a system program.
In order to dive into system code using the ABAP debugger you have to activate system debugging beforehand. Choose the menu entry System Debugging On/Off in the settings menu.
Activating system debugging allows you to access source code you are typically not able to see and, therefore, can help investigating issues. On the other hand, you need to deal with a growing call stack as all system programs are visible too. Usually the system code is executed in the background without your notice.
Update Debugging
Whenever you deal with transactions or reports that utilize asynchronous update tasks (e.g. to persist business data), you might encounter error messages occuring from the executed code inside the update task. Such errors appear usually in the SAP GUI telling you “Update was terminated”.
In order to examine what is going wrong, you can activate update debugging. If update debugging is turned on, the ABAP debugger opens once the update task is being executed and allows you to inspect the program flow.
Consider the change of a cost center as example. We open transaction KS02, select a demo cost center, and open its master data. Let us adjust the description. Before we click Save, we enter “/h” in the transaction code input field on the top left corner and press Return. The green success message “Debugging switched on” is displayed at the bottom.
After clicking Save, the debugger opens showing the PAI/PBO modules of the current ABAP program. In order to activate update debugging, we open the debugger settings following the menu path Settings -> Change Debugger Profile/Settings. In this dialog we activate Update Debugging and confirm.
Pressing F8 skips the current debugger session. The ABAP server continues processing the current ABAP program which prepares and hands over the update tasks to the update processing. Once they are executed, the debugger opens once again.
Coming back to the cost center change example, we end up inside the function module KOSTL_WRITE_DOCUMENT. According to its source code, it takes care calculating the change documents with regards to this cost center master data change.
In the most cases, multiple update tasks are coming into play for one business process (changing a cost center is relatively easy, though). Let us figure out how we can find all of them at runtime.
Looking at the call stack, we can see the form routine VB_V2_NORMAL.
Before we can navigate into this code, we have to activate system debugging (see chapter above).
Inside this form routine we can see that the internal table VBMOD_TABL contains all function modules to be processed.
Using update debugging you are able to spot bugs inside function modules executed in update task. Even if you do not encounter any bugs, it might be interesting to see what happens under the hood.
Influence the Program Behaviour at Runtime
When you are examining the flow of an ABAP program in the debugger and you aim to focus on a certain piece of it only, it may happen that the specific case you’re investigating only occurs under certain circumstances (e.g. certain variables having certain values). In such a case you have to invest time to modify everything so that the debugger reaches the piece of code you’re interested in.
Avoiding this effort (time is money) you can leverage the simple, but nevertheless very valuable, feature named Goto Statement.
Assuming the debugger is currently at line 32 in the given screenshot, you right-click on the line number where you want it to continue and choose Goto Statement. As a consquence, the lines in between are skipped, i.e. not executed, and the processing continues where you want.
Be aware that this feature can be abused: Users can skip intended and meaningful authorization checks and, therefore, conduct actions they are not allowed to do. Generally it is a recommended practice to turn this feature off (i.e. not authorizing anyone) in productive environments.
Make your Breakpoints more powerful
Breakpoints allow the developer to specify in which code line the debugger should stop.
Typically you choose one particular code (e.g. line x in program z) because you want to inspect the program flow around this code. Besides such dynamic breakpoints you can leverage special dynamic breakpoints and conditional breakpoints to make your debugging experience easier.
Special Dynamic Breakpoints
Assume we require to identify all authorization checks conducted during a program flow. We know that AUTHORITY-CHECK is the respective ABAP keyword. How do we solve this challenge?
Firstly, we could execute the ABAP program in the debugger and follow the program flow by hand. After browsing through all methods, function modules etc. we have noted down all authorization checks. Apparently this approach is time-consuming and also error prone as you never know if you have missed some piece of code deep in the call stack.
Secondly, as an advantageous approach you can leverage special dynamic breakpoints (that’s the official name according to the documentation). This feature let’s you create breakpoints at every instance of a certain e.g. statement, exception, or function module.
In order to define special dynamic breakpoints, choose Breakpoints -> Breakpoint At in the debugger menu. Choose Breakpoint at Statement with regards to our example. In the appearing pop-up we enter the name of the command.
As a consequence, the debugger creates breakpoints at every authorization check. By pressing F8 you can navigate from one occurrence to another.
Consider activating system debugging beforehand to really fetch all authorization checks (otherwise you miss them hidden in system code).
Conditional Breakpoints
Assume you are debugging some code containing a loop whereas you are interested in debugging a certain cycle (e.g. the fifth loop cycle). Making the debugger stop in this exact cycle is easy using conditional breakpoints.
Consider the following sample program.
REPORT zmd_cond_brkpnt_01.
DATA lv_foo TYPE i VALUE 0.
*for demonstration purposes; do not use static breakpoints in production
BREAK-POINT.
DO 50 TIMES.
ADD 1 TO lv_foo.
ENDDO.
*for demonstration purposes; do not use static breakpoints in production
BREAK-POINT.
The do loop runs 50 times whereas each loop cycle updates the variable lv_bar with the current value of lv_foo. When we set a breakpoint inside the loop, we stop there 50 times by pressing F8.
By introducing a conditional breakpoint we can define that the debugger shall only stop at this breakpoint in case a given condition is met.
We can define the condition using tab strip Break./Watchpoints.
Let’s say we want to stop when lv_foo gets 42 assigned.
After pressing F8 the debugger stops exactly at the respective loop cycle.
This simple example visualizes how to use conditional breakpoints. I found this feature to be quite useful a couple of times throughout my projects.
Classification of Breakpoints
In the official documentation we can find terms such as static breakpoints, special dynamic breakpoints, external breakpoints, debugger breakpoints. While investigating the meaning of these terms I found that they are addressing different properties of breakpoints, such as their life time or the way you create them.
Therefore, I was curious and have created a classification of breakpoint times according to the following categories:
Breakpoints exist for a certain time, that is once their life time has passed they are gone and cannot be used anymore. The possible life times are:
Generally all breakpoints can be deleted manually, i.e. their life time can be shortened on purpose.
Way of Creation
There is several ways how to create a breakpoint:
A breakpoint can be valid for a certain user name or not.
If so, the breakpoint is considered once the respective user executes the code line. This applies to all breakpoints unlike Static Breakpoints defined with BREAK-POINT.
If not, the debugger stops at every execution regardless of the current user. This applies to Static Breakpoints defined with BREAK-POINT.
Processing Mode
There is breakpoints that stop at dialog processing only, such as Debugger Breakpoints.
in contrast, e.g. External Breakpoints are used to debug processing of remote calls such as RFC or ICF processing.
Conditionally Considered
The consideration of a breakpoint may depend of a given condition expressed as logical condition. For instance, a variable has to have a defined value and, therefore, the debugger only stops if the condition is fulfilled. Such breakpoints are referred to as Conditional Breakpoints.
Activated
Apart from their existence breakpoints can be active or inactive.
In case you do not need a breakpoint being considered in your debugging session, you can deactivate it. You can turn it on again once you want to use it.
Discover changing Variables using Watchpoints
Watchpoints are quite useful whenever you are interested in the time point and the code at which a certain variable or an object attribute changes its value. Especially in very complex program flows with a deep call stack it may be hard to figure out value changes manually.
In order to create a watchpoint we navigate to the tab Break./Watchpoints, choose the tab Watchpoints and click the Create icon.
Considering the sample program about conditional breakpoints from above, we’re interested in spotting changes of the value of variable lv_foo.
In this dialog we can choose between inspecting variables of object attributes. We can also specify the respective ABAP program.
After creating this watchpoint and pressing F8 in our sample program, we get notified that the watchpoint has been reached.
Debugger Scripting
Debugger Scripting is a powerful mechanism to automate processes that occur often, are time-consuming and are conducted by hand.
Assume that you want to skip authorization checks by manipulating the sy-subrc value.
Disclaimer: Only do so if it is harmless, that is you must not abuse this feature. Tell you admin if you are authorized to use it and you are working in a field with sensitive data or processes.
You can open the tab Script in the debugger and there you will find a local class implementation. Besides the methods prologue, init and end you can add you own logic in the method script. On the left-hand side you can decide when the script shall be triggered. For instance, et every debug step or after once a watchpoint is reached.
Happy Debugging!
Okumaya devam et...
The ABAP debugger is a powerful tool helping to examine your ABAP code at runtime.
Besides the common and basic features, such as stepping through your code and inspect the values of your variables, field symbols, and references, it provides helpful features that can simplify and shorten your debugging sessions. Not all of these features might be known to everyone.
In this blog post I am going to demonstrate my personal favourites.
Debugging Techniques
Debugging deep inside the Call Stack
Apart from debugging your own custom source code or the business-oriented code on the application level, it might be necessary from time to time to dive deeper into the call stack. Sometimes you can only spot bugs when debugging the asynchronously executed update tasks or system programs.
System Debugging
System programs are typically provided by SAP itself and you should not classify your own programs as such. System code is considered relatively technical and not containing any business logic. As a consequence, developers focusing on business logic commonly do not need/want to debug this. However, from time to time your debugging session might end up at a system program.
In order to dive into system code using the ABAP debugger you have to activate system debugging beforehand. Choose the menu entry System Debugging On/Off in the settings menu.
Activating system debugging allows you to access source code you are typically not able to see and, therefore, can help investigating issues. On the other hand, you need to deal with a growing call stack as all system programs are visible too. Usually the system code is executed in the background without your notice.
Update Debugging
Whenever you deal with transactions or reports that utilize asynchronous update tasks (e.g. to persist business data), you might encounter error messages occuring from the executed code inside the update task. Such errors appear usually in the SAP GUI telling you “Update was terminated”.
In order to examine what is going wrong, you can activate update debugging. If update debugging is turned on, the ABAP debugger opens once the update task is being executed and allows you to inspect the program flow.
Consider the change of a cost center as example. We open transaction KS02, select a demo cost center, and open its master data. Let us adjust the description. Before we click Save, we enter “/h” in the transaction code input field on the top left corner and press Return. The green success message “Debugging switched on” is displayed at the bottom.
After clicking Save, the debugger opens showing the PAI/PBO modules of the current ABAP program. In order to activate update debugging, we open the debugger settings following the menu path Settings -> Change Debugger Profile/Settings. In this dialog we activate Update Debugging and confirm.
Pressing F8 skips the current debugger session. The ABAP server continues processing the current ABAP program which prepares and hands over the update tasks to the update processing. Once they are executed, the debugger opens once again.
Coming back to the cost center change example, we end up inside the function module KOSTL_WRITE_DOCUMENT. According to its source code, it takes care calculating the change documents with regards to this cost center master data change.
In the most cases, multiple update tasks are coming into play for one business process (changing a cost center is relatively easy, though). Let us figure out how we can find all of them at runtime.
Looking at the call stack, we can see the form routine VB_V2_NORMAL.
Before we can navigate into this code, we have to activate system debugging (see chapter above).
Inside this form routine we can see that the internal table VBMOD_TABL contains all function modules to be processed.
Using update debugging you are able to spot bugs inside function modules executed in update task. Even if you do not encounter any bugs, it might be interesting to see what happens under the hood.
Influence the Program Behaviour at Runtime
When you are examining the flow of an ABAP program in the debugger and you aim to focus on a certain piece of it only, it may happen that the specific case you’re investigating only occurs under certain circumstances (e.g. certain variables having certain values). In such a case you have to invest time to modify everything so that the debugger reaches the piece of code you’re interested in.
Avoiding this effort (time is money) you can leverage the simple, but nevertheless very valuable, feature named Goto Statement.
Assuming the debugger is currently at line 32 in the given screenshot, you right-click on the line number where you want it to continue and choose Goto Statement. As a consquence, the lines in between are skipped, i.e. not executed, and the processing continues where you want.
Be aware that this feature can be abused: Users can skip intended and meaningful authorization checks and, therefore, conduct actions they are not allowed to do. Generally it is a recommended practice to turn this feature off (i.e. not authorizing anyone) in productive environments.
Make your Breakpoints more powerful
Breakpoints allow the developer to specify in which code line the debugger should stop.
Typically you choose one particular code (e.g. line x in program z) because you want to inspect the program flow around this code. Besides such dynamic breakpoints you can leverage special dynamic breakpoints and conditional breakpoints to make your debugging experience easier.
Special Dynamic Breakpoints
Assume we require to identify all authorization checks conducted during a program flow. We know that AUTHORITY-CHECK is the respective ABAP keyword. How do we solve this challenge?
Firstly, we could execute the ABAP program in the debugger and follow the program flow by hand. After browsing through all methods, function modules etc. we have noted down all authorization checks. Apparently this approach is time-consuming and also error prone as you never know if you have missed some piece of code deep in the call stack.
Secondly, as an advantageous approach you can leverage special dynamic breakpoints (that’s the official name according to the documentation). This feature let’s you create breakpoints at every instance of a certain e.g. statement, exception, or function module.
In order to define special dynamic breakpoints, choose Breakpoints -> Breakpoint At in the debugger menu. Choose Breakpoint at Statement with regards to our example. In the appearing pop-up we enter the name of the command.
As a consequence, the debugger creates breakpoints at every authorization check. By pressing F8 you can navigate from one occurrence to another.
Consider activating system debugging beforehand to really fetch all authorization checks (otherwise you miss them hidden in system code).
Conditional Breakpoints
Assume you are debugging some code containing a loop whereas you are interested in debugging a certain cycle (e.g. the fifth loop cycle). Making the debugger stop in this exact cycle is easy using conditional breakpoints.
Consider the following sample program.
REPORT zmd_cond_brkpnt_01.
DATA lv_foo TYPE i VALUE 0.
*for demonstration purposes; do not use static breakpoints in production
BREAK-POINT.
DO 50 TIMES.
ADD 1 TO lv_foo.
ENDDO.
*for demonstration purposes; do not use static breakpoints in production
BREAK-POINT.
The do loop runs 50 times whereas each loop cycle updates the variable lv_bar with the current value of lv_foo. When we set a breakpoint inside the loop, we stop there 50 times by pressing F8.
By introducing a conditional breakpoint we can define that the debugger shall only stop at this breakpoint in case a given condition is met.
We can define the condition using tab strip Break./Watchpoints.
Let’s say we want to stop when lv_foo gets 42 assigned.
After pressing F8 the debugger stops exactly at the respective loop cycle.
This simple example visualizes how to use conditional breakpoints. I found this feature to be quite useful a couple of times throughout my projects.
Classification of Breakpoints
In the official documentation we can find terms such as static breakpoints, special dynamic breakpoints, external breakpoints, debugger breakpoints. While investigating the meaning of these terms I found that they are addressing different properties of breakpoints, such as their life time or the way you create them.
Therefore, I was curious and have created a classification of breakpoint times according to the following categories:
- Life Time
- Way of Creation
- Can be User-Agnostic
- Processing Mode
- Conditionally Considered
- Activated
Breakpoints exist for a certain time, that is once their life time has passed they are gone and cannot be used anymore. The possible life times are:
- Lives during current debugging session: Debugger Breakpoint
- Lives during all sessions of current user session: Session Breakpoint
- Lives typically for two hours: External Breakpoint
Generally all breakpoints can be deleted manually, i.e. their life time can be shortened on purpose.
Way of Creation
There is several ways how to create a breakpoint:
- Hard-wired statement in the code (such as BREAK-POINT): Static Breakpoint
- Single line selected by hand: Dynamic Breakpoint
- Lines selected by certain definition (such as at every instance of certain statement): Special Dynamic Breakpoint
A breakpoint can be valid for a certain user name or not.
If so, the breakpoint is considered once the respective user executes the code line. This applies to all breakpoints unlike Static Breakpoints defined with BREAK-POINT.
If not, the debugger stops at every execution regardless of the current user. This applies to Static Breakpoints defined with BREAK-POINT.
Processing Mode
There is breakpoints that stop at dialog processing only, such as Debugger Breakpoints.
in contrast, e.g. External Breakpoints are used to debug processing of remote calls such as RFC or ICF processing.
Conditionally Considered
The consideration of a breakpoint may depend of a given condition expressed as logical condition. For instance, a variable has to have a defined value and, therefore, the debugger only stops if the condition is fulfilled. Such breakpoints are referred to as Conditional Breakpoints.
Activated
Apart from their existence breakpoints can be active or inactive.
In case you do not need a breakpoint being considered in your debugging session, you can deactivate it. You can turn it on again once you want to use it.
Discover changing Variables using Watchpoints
Watchpoints are quite useful whenever you are interested in the time point and the code at which a certain variable or an object attribute changes its value. Especially in very complex program flows with a deep call stack it may be hard to figure out value changes manually.
In order to create a watchpoint we navigate to the tab Break./Watchpoints, choose the tab Watchpoints and click the Create icon.
Considering the sample program about conditional breakpoints from above, we’re interested in spotting changes of the value of variable lv_foo.
In this dialog we can choose between inspecting variables of object attributes. We can also specify the respective ABAP program.
After creating this watchpoint and pressing F8 in our sample program, we get notified that the watchpoint has been reached.
Debugger Scripting
Debugger Scripting is a powerful mechanism to automate processes that occur often, are time-consuming and are conducted by hand.
Assume that you want to skip authorization checks by manipulating the sy-subrc value.
Disclaimer: Only do so if it is harmless, that is you must not abuse this feature. Tell you admin if you are authorized to use it and you are working in a field with sensitive data or processes.
You can open the tab Script in the debugger and there you will find a local class implementation. Besides the methods prologue, init and end you can add you own logic in the method script. On the left-hand side you can decide when the script shall be triggered. For instance, et every debug step or after once a watchpoint is reached.
Happy Debugging!
Okumaya devam et...